Cost Model for Estimating the Construction Costs of Tunnels

1 Introduction

The cost estimations in early planning stages are subject to great uncertainties in tunnel construction compared to building structures. This is mainly due to the geotechnical uncertainties and new emerging challenges in each individual tunnel project. As a result, tunnel construction projects, unlike building construction projects, require different approaches to cost estimation, especially when taking financial risks into account.

In the past, cost estimation approaches have been developed for various types of road tunnels. Primarily, this was carried out in research projects...